#
  OLD_USEMODULE := $(sort $(USEMODULE))
  OLD_USEPKG := $(sort $(USEPKG))
  
  # include board dependencies
  -include $(RIOTBOARD)/$(BOARD)/Makefile.dep
  
  # pull dependencies from drivers
  include $(RIOTBASE)/drivers/Makefile.dep
  
  ifneq (,$(filter csma_sender,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += random
    USEMODULE += xtimer
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_mac,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_priority_pktqueue
    USEMODULE += csma_sender
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter nhdp,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += sock_udp
    USEMODULE += xtimer
    USEMODULE += oonf_rfc5444
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter sntp,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_sock_udp
    USEMODULE += xtimer
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_netdev_default,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_netif
    USEMODULE += gnrc_netdev
    USEMODULE += netdev_default
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter netdev_ieee802154,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += ieee802154
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_uhcpc,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += uhcpc
    USEMODULE += gnrc_sock_udp
    USEMODULE += fmt
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter nordic_softdevice_ble,$(USEPKG)))
    USEMODULE += softdevice_handler
    USEMODULE += ble_common
    USEMODULE += ble_6lowpan
    USEMODULE += gnrc_sixlowpan
    USEMODULE += gnrc_sixlowpan_iphc
    USEMODULE += gnrc_ipv6_default
    USEMODULE += gnrc_netdev
    USEMODULE += gnrc_ipv6_netif
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_%,$(filter-out gnrc_netapi gnrc_netreg gnrc_netif% gnrc_pkt%,$(USEMODULE))))
    USEMODULE += gnrc
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_sock_%,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_sock
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_sock_ip,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += sock_ip
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_sock_udp,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_udp
    USEMODULE += random     # to generate random ports
    USEMODULE += sock_udp
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_sock,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_netapi_mbox
    USEMODULE += sock
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_netapi_mbox,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += core_mbox
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter netdev_tap,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += netif
    USEMODULE += netdev_eth
    ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_%,$(USEMODULE)))
      USEMODULE += gnrc_netdev
    endif
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_tftp,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_udp
    USEMODULE += xtimer
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_rpl_p2p,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_rpl
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_rpl,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += fib
    USEMODULE += gnrc_ipv6_router_default
    USEMODULE += trickle
    USEMODULE += xtimer
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter trickle,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += random
    USEMODULE += xtimer
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter ieee802154,$(USEMODULE)))
    ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_ipv6, $(USEMODULE)))
      USEMODULE += gnrc_sixlowpan
    endif
    ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_ipv6_router, $(USEMODULE)))
      USEMODULE += gnrc_sixlowpan_router
    endif
    ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_ipv6_default, $(USEMODULE)))
      USEMODULE += gnrc_sixlowpan_default
    endif
    ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_ipv6_router_default, $(USEMODULE)))
      USEMODULE += gnrc_sixlowpan_router_default
    endif
    ifneq (,$(filter lwip%, $(USEMODULE)))
      USEMODULE += lwip_sixlowpan
    endif
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_sixlowpan_default,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_ipv6_default
    USEMODULE += gnrc_sixlowpan
    USEMODULE += gnrc_sixlowpan_nd
    USEMODULE += gnrc_sixlowpan_frag
    USEMODULE += gnrc_sixlowpan_iphc
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_sixlowpan_router_default,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_ipv6_router_default
    USEMODULE += gnrc_sixlowpan_router
    USEMODULE += gnrc_sixlowpan_frag
    USEMODULE += gnrc_sixlowpan_iphc
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_sixlowpan_border_router_default,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_ipv6_router_default
    USEMODULE += gnrc_sixlowpan_nd_border_router
    USEMODULE += gnrc_sixlowpan_router
    USEMODULE += gnrc_sixlowpan_frag
    USEMODULE += gnrc_sixlowpan_iphc
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_sixlowpan_router,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_sixlowpan_nd_router
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_sixlowpan_frag,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_sixlowpan
    USEMODULE += xtimer
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_sixlowpan_iphc,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_sixlowpan
    USEMODULE += gnrc_sixlowpan_ctx
    USEMODULE += gnrc_sixlowpan_iphc_nhc
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_sixlowpan,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_ipv6
    USEMODULE += gnrc_sixlowpan_netif
    USEMODULE += sixlowpan
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_sixlowpan_ctx,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += ipv6_addr
    USEMODULE += xtimer
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_sixlowpan_nd_border_router,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_sixlowpan_nd_router
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_sixlowpan_nd_router,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_sixlowpan_nd
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_sixlowpan_nd,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_ndp
    USEMODULE += gnrc_ndp_internal
    USEMODULE += gnrc_sixlowpan_ctx
    USEMODULE += random
    USEMODULE += xtimer
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_ipv6_default,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_ipv6
    USEMODULE += gnrc_icmpv6
    ifeq (1,$(GNRC_NETIF_NUMOF))
      ifeq (,$(filter gnrc_sixlowpan_nd,$(USEMODULE)))
        USEMODULE += gnrc_ndp_host
      endif
    else
      USEMODULE += gnrc_ndp_host
    endif
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_ipv6_router_default,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_ipv6_router
    USEMODULE += gnrc_icmpv6
    ifeq (1,$(GNRC_NETIF_NUMOF))
      ifeq (,$(filter gnrc_sixlowpan_nd_router,$(USEMODULE)))
        USEMODULE += gnrc_ndp_router
      endif
    else
      USEMODULE += gnrc_ndp_router
    endif
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_ndp_host,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_ndp_node
    USEMODULE += random
    USEMODULE += xtimer
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_ndp_router,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_ndp_node
    USEMODULE += random
    USEMODULE += xtimer
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_ndp_node,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_ndp_internal
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_ndp_%,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_ndp
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_ndp,$(USEMODULE)))
    ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_sixlowpan,$(USEMODULE)))
      USEMODULE += gnrc_sixlowpan_nd
    else
      USEMODULE += gnrc_ndp_node
    endif
    USEMODULE += gnrc_ndp_internal
    USEMODULE += gnrc_icmpv6
    USEMODULE += random
    USEMODULE += xtimer
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_ndp2,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_icmpv6
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_icmpv6_echo,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_icmpv6
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_icmpv6_error,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_icmpv6
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_icmpv6,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += inet_csum
    USEMODULE += gnrc_ipv6
    USEMODULE += icmpv6
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_rpl_srh,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += ipv6_ext_rh
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter ipv6_ext_rh,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += ipv6_ext
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_ipv6_ext,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_ipv6
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_ipv6_whitelist,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += ipv6_addr
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_ipv6_blacklist,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += ipv6_addr
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_ipv6_router,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_ipv6
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_ipv6,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += inet_csum
    USEMODULE += ipv6_addr
    USEMODULE += gnrc_ipv6_hdr
    USEMODULE += gnrc_ipv6_nc
    USEMODULE += gnrc_ipv6_netif
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_ipv6_hdr,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += ipv6_hdr
    USEMODULE += gnrc_pktbuf
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter sixlowpan,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += ipv6_hdr
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter ipv6_hdr,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += inet_csum
    USEMODULE += ipv6_addr
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_ipv6_nc,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += ipv6_addr
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_ipv6_nib_6lbr,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_ipv6_nib_6lr
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_ipv6_nib_6lr,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_ipv6_nib_6ln
    USEMODULE += gnrc_ipv6_nib_router
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_ipv6_nib_6ln,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_ipv6_nib
    USEMODULE += gnrc_sixlowpan_nd
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_ipv6_nib_router,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_ipv6_nib
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_ipv6_nib,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += evtimer
    USEMODULE += gnrc_ndp2
    USEMODULE += ipv6_addr
    USEMODULE += random
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_ipv6_netif,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += ipv6_addr
    USEMODULE += gnrc_netif
    USEMODULE += bitfield
    USEMODULE += xtimer
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_udp,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += inet_csum
    USEMODULE += udp
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_tcp,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += inet_csum
    USEMODULE += random
    USEMODULE += tcp
    USEMODULE += xtimer
    USEMODULE += core_mbox
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_nettest,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_netapi
    USEMODULE += gnrc_netreg
    USEMODULE += gnrc_netif
    USEMODULE += gnrc_pktbuf
    USEMODULE += xtimer
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_pktdump,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_pktbuf
    USEMODULE += od
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter od,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += fmt
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter newlib_nano,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += newlib
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter newlib,$(USEMODULE)))
    # allow custom newlib syscalls implementations by adding
    # newlib_syscalls_XXX to USEMODULE
    ifeq (,$(filter newlib_syscalls_%,$(USEMODULE)))
      USEMODULE += newlib_syscalls_default
    endif
    ifeq (,$(filter rtt_stdio,$(USEMODULE)))
      USEMODULE += uart_stdio
    endif
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter posix_sockets,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += bitfield
    USEMODULE += random
    USEMODULE += vfs
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter rtt_stdio,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += xtimer
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter uart_stdio,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += isrpipe
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter isrpipe,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += tsrb
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter posix,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += xtimer
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter posix_semaphore,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += sema
    USEMODULE += xtimer
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter lwip_sixlowpan,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += lwip_ipv6_autoconfig
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter lwip_ipv6_autoconfig lwip_ipv6_mld,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += lwip_ipv6
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter lwip_ipv6,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += random
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter lwip_udplite,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += lwip_udp
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter lwip_sock_%,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += lwip_sock
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter lwip_sock_ip,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += lwip_raw
    USEMODULE += sock_ip
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter lwip_sock_tcp,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += lwip_tcp
    USEMODULE += sock_tcp
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter lwip_sock_udp,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += lwip_udp
    USEMODULE += sock_udp
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter lwip_%,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += lwip
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter lwip,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEPKG += lwip
    USEMODULE += core_mbox
    USEMODULE += lwip_api
    USEMODULE += lwip_contrib
    USEMODULE += lwip_core
    USEMODULE += lwip_netif
    ifeq (,$(filter lwip_ipv4 lwip_ipv6,$(USEMODULE)))
      USEMODULE += lwip_ipv4
    endif
    ifeq (,$(filter lwip_tcp lwip_udp lwip_udplite,$(USEMODULE)))
      USEMODULE += lwip_raw
    endif
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter lwip_ppp,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += lwip_polarssl
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter lwip_contrib,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += sema
    USEMODULE += xtimer
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter sema,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += xtimer
  endif
  
  
  ifneq (,$(filter libfixmath-unittests,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEPKG += libfixmath
    USEMODULE += libfixmath
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter fib,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += universal_address
    USEMODULE += xtimer
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter oonf_rfc5444,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += oonf_common
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter oonf_common,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEPKG += oonf_api
    USEMODULE += posix_sockets
  endif
  
  # if any log_* is used, also use LOG pseudomodule
  ifneq (,$(filter log_%,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += log
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter cpp11-compat,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += xtimer
    USEMODULE += timex
    FEATURES_REQUIRED += cpp
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_netapi
    USEMODULE += gnrc_netreg
    USEMODULE += gnrc_netif
    USEMODULE += gnrc_netif_hdr
    USEMODULE += gnrc_pktbuf
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_pktbuf, $(USEMODULE)))
    ifeq (,$(filter gnrc_pktbuf_%, $(USEMODULE)))
      USEMODULE += gnrc_pktbuf_static
    endif
    USEMODULE += gnrc_pkt
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_pktbuf_%, $(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_pktbuf # make MODULE_GNRC_PKTBUF macro available for all implementations
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_netdev,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += netopt
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter netstats_%, $(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += netstats
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gnrc_lwmac,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += gnrc_mac
    USEMODULE += gnrc_netdev
    FEATURES_REQUIRED += periph_rtt
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter pthread,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += xtimer
    USEMODULE += timex
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter schedstatistics,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += xtimer
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter arduino,$(USEMODULE)))
    FEATURES_REQUIRED += arduino
    FEATURES_REQUIRED += cpp
    USEMODULE += xtimer
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter xtimer,$(USEMODULE)))
    FEATURES_REQUIRED += periph_timer
    USEMODULE += div
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter saul_reg,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += saul
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter saul_default,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += saul
    USEMODULE += saul_reg
    USEMODULE += auto_init_saul
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter saul,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += phydat
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter phydat,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += fmt
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter evtimer,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += xtimer
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter can_linux,$(USEMODULE)))
    LINKFLAGS += -lsocketcan
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter can,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += can_raw
    USEMODULE += auto_init_can
    ifneq (,$(filter can_mbox,$(USEMODULE)))
      USEMODULE += core_mbox
    endif
    USEMODULE += gnrc_pktbuf_static
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter can_isotp,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += xtimer
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter conn_can,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += can
    USEMODULE += can_mbox
    USEMODULE += xtimer
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter random,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += prng
    # select default prng
    ifeq (,$(filter prng_%,$(USEMODULE)))
      USEMODULE += prng_tinymt32
    endif
  
    ifneq (,$(filter prng_tinymt32,$(USEMODULE)))
      USEMODULE += tinymt32
    endif
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter openthread_contrib,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += openthread_contrib_netdev
    FEATURES_REQUIRED += cpp
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter emcute,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += core_thread_flags
    USEMODULE += sock_udp
    USEMODULE += xtimer
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter constfs,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += vfs
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter devfs,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += vfs
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter vfs,$(USEMODULE)))
    ifeq (native, $(BOARD))
      USEMODULE += native_vfs
    endif
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter sock_dns,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += sock_util
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter spiffs,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEPKG += spiffs
    USEMODULE += vfs
    USEMODULE += spiffs_fs
    USEMODULE += mtd
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter l2filter_%,$(USEMODULE)))
    USEMODULE += l2filter
  endif
  
  ifneq (,$(filter gcoap,$(USEMODULE)))
  USEPKG += nanocoap
  USEMODULE += gnrc_sock_udp
  endif
  
  # include package dependencies
  -include $(USEPKG:%=$(RIOTPKG)/%/Makefile.dep)
  
  # recursively catch transitive dependencies
  USEMODULE := $(sort $(USEMODULE))
  USEPKG := $(sort $(USEPKG))
  ifneq ($(OLD_USEMODULE) $(OLD_USEPKG),$(USEMODULE) $(USEPKG))
    include $(RIOTBASE)/Makefile.dep
  endif